For example, Godfrey-Smith (2020) suggests that it would be very difficult to have a conscious system that isn’t physically very similar to the brain because of some of the dynamic patterns involved in consciousness in brains. The biological approach also focuses on the physical details of how a cognitive system is implemented, but it additionally emphasizes some specific aspect of biology as important for consciousness.Thus, although artificial consciousness is possible on the physical approach, it typically predicts fewer conscious artificial entities than the computational approach. However, only the physical organization matters, not the specific substrate the system is implemented in.
SENTIENCE VS CONSCIOUSNESS SOFTWARE
According to Koch, the hardware of current digital computers has very little integrated information, so they could not be conscious no matter what cognitive system they implement at the software level (e.g., a whole brain emulation ). This integrated information needs to be present at the physical, hardware level of a system. For example, Koch (2020) defends Integrated Information Theory (IIT), in which the degree of consciousness in a system depends on its degree of integrated information, that is, the degree to which the system is causally interconnected such that it is not reducible to its individual components. The physical approach focuses on the physical details of how a cognitive system is implemented that is, it focuses on a system’s hardware rather than its software.Out of the three approaches, the computational approach typically projects the largest number of conscious artificial entities existing in the future because computational criteria are arguably easiest for an AI system to achieve. For example, Metzinger (2010) emphasizes the importance of an internal self-model, whereas Dehaene (2014) emphasizes the importance of a “global workspace,” in which information becomes available for use by multiple subsystems. The specific algorithms or computations that are thought to give rise to or be constitutive of consciousness differ. The computational approach is standard in the field of cognitive science (e.g., Cain, 2015 ) and suggests that if artificial entities implement certain computations, they will be conscious. Another way of putting this is that it focuses on the software a system is running, rather than on the system’s hardware.
Instead, it focuses on a higher level of analysis: the computations, algorithms, or programs that a cognitive system runs to generate its behavior. The computational approach abstracts away from the specific implementation details of a cognitive system, such as whether it is implemented in carbon versus silicon substrate.While the books contain a wide variety of terminology, we can categorize the ways they assess the possibility of artificial consciousness into three broad approaches: For brevity, we simply summarize the claims made by the authors, rather than critique or respond to them. They were not randomly sampled from all of the books written on the topic. The books were chosen based on their popularity and representation of a range of perspectives on artificial consciousness. In this blog post we summarize discussions of the topic from 15 books. Many philosophers and scientists have written about whether artificial sentience or consciousness is possible. Kristof Koch, The Feeling of Life Itself: Why Consciousness Is Widespread but Can't Be Computed, 2020Īnil Seth, Being You: A New Science of Consciousness, 2021ĭavid Chalmers, Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy, 2022 Introduction Peter Godfrey-Smith, Metazoa: Animal Life and the Birth of the Mind, 2020
Simona Ginsburg and Eva Jablonka, The Evolution of the Sensitive Soul: Learning and the Origins of Consciousness, 2019
Philip Goff, Galileo’s Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness, 2019 Michael Graziano, Rethinking Consciousness: A Scientific Theory of Subjective Experience, 2019 Susan Schneider, Artificial You: AI and the Future of Your Mind, 2019 Susan Blackmore, Consciousness: An Introduction, 2018 Michael Tye, Tense Bees and Shell-Shocked Crabs: Are Animals Conscious?, 2017 Stanislas Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts, 2014 Thomas Metzinger, The Ego Tunnel: The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self, 2010 John Searle, The Rediscovery of the Mind, 1992ĭaniel Dennett, Consciousness Explained, 1993ĭavid Chalmers, The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory, 1995 Thanks to Jacy Reese Anthis and Janet Pauketat for more extensive discussion and editing. Jules for their helpful comments and discussion. Many thanks to Tobias Baumann, Max Carpendale, and Michael St.
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